Predictive and Prognostic Brain Metastases Assessment in Luminal Breast Cancer Patients: FN14 and GRP94 from Diagnosis to Prophylaxis

Abstract

FN14 has been implicated in many intracellular signaling pathways, and GRP94 is a well-known endoplasmic reticulum protein regulated by glucose. Recently, both have been associated with metastasis progression in breast cancer patients. We studied the usefulness of FN14 and GRP94 expression to stratify breast cancer patients according their risk of brain metastasis (BrM) progression. We analyzed FN14 and GRP94 by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective multicenter study using tissue microarrays from 208 patients with breast carcinomas, of whom 52 had developed BrM. Clinical and pathological characteristics and biomarkers expression in <i>Luminal</i> and <i>non-Luminal</i> patients were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for covariates, and brain metastasis-free survival (BrMFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model. FN14 expression was associated with BrM progression mainly in <i>Luminal</i> breast cancer patients with a sensitivity (53.85%) and specificity (89.60%) similar to Her2 expression (46.15 and 89.84%, respectively). Moreover, the likelihood to develop BrM in FN14-positive <i>Luminal</i> carcinomas increased 36.70-fold (3.65-368.25, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Furthermore, the worst prognostic factor for BrMFS in patients with <i>Luminal</i> carcinomas was FN14 overexpression (HR = 8.25; 95% CI: 2.77-24.61; <i>p</i> = 0.00015). In these patients, GRP94 overexpression also increased the risk of BrM (HR = 3.58; 95% CI: 0.98-13.11; <i>p</i> = 0.054-Wald test). Therefore, FN14 expression in <i>Luminal</i> breast carcinomas is a predictive/prognostic biomarker of BrM, which combined with GRP94 predicts BrM progression in <i>non-Luminal</i> tumors 4.04-fold (1.19-8.22, <i>p</i> = 0.025), suggesting that both biomarkers are useful to stratify BrM risk at early diagnosis. We propose a new follow-up protocol for the early prevention of clinical BrM of breast cancer patients with BrM risk.