Classification of Gratuitous Transfers

Abstract

SoME human actions fit rather neatly into legal categuries; many do not.This is as true of attempts to give away property as it is elsewhere.If the appropriate category is obvious, the effect of the donor's actions will be determined in terms of compliance with the requirements specified for that type of transfer.If, for example, a man executes before witnesses a writing expressly described as his last will and testament, the validity of the execution of the document will almost certainly be controlled by the statute of wills.But the inventiveness and variety of inclination of human beings often produce situations not readily identifiable in terms of recognized legal patterns.In such cases, the legal classification of the situation is often a vital factor in the reasoning of decisions either sustaining or rejecting the claim of the alleged donee.The court frequently has the choice of placing the case in one if several alternative legal categories, such as will, or gift, or trust, or contract.The legal requirements of these categories differ considerably in form, and the evidence may therefore show compliance with the prescribed formalities of one but not with those of another.It may show a failure to meet the provisions of the statute of wills, but sufficient delivery to support an inter vivos gift.It may show no sufficient delivery, but fulfillment of the specifications of a declaration of trust or a contract.If so, an essential and determinative part of the reas,,ning tof the decision is the court's classification of the situation.Such problems arise most frequently as a result tof a person's use of the form of an inter vivos transaction with the objective of producing some of the major consequences normally following the execution of a will.He may desire to name ultimate beneficiaries, but retain during his lifetime the economic enjoyment or control of the property, or the power to alter the designation of the beneficiaries.This may be attempted by the reservation of a life estate and a power of revocation or other powers in an outfight deed or a living trust, or by fixing his death as the time of delivery of a deed or of the subject-matter of the gift.