How Strong Is the Hydrogen Bond in Hybrid Perovskites?

Abstract

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites represent a special class of metal-organic framework where a molecular cation is encased in an anionic cage. The molecule-cage interaction influences phase stability, phase transformations, and the molecular dynamics. We examine the hydrogen bonding in four AmBX₃ formate perovskites: [Am]Zn(HCOO)₃, with Am⁺ = hydrazinium (NH₂NH₃⁺), guanidinium (C(NH₂)₃⁺), dimethylammonium (CH₃)₂NH₂⁺, and azetidinium (CH₂)₃NH₂⁺. We develop a scheme to quantify the strength of hydrogen bonding in these systems from first-principles, which separates the electrostatic interactions between the amine (Am⁺) and the BX₃^- cage. The hydrogen-bonding strengths of formate perovskites range from 0.36 to 1.40 eV/cation (8-32 kcalmol^-1). Complementary solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms that strong hydrogen bonding hinders cation mobility. Application of the procedure to hybrid lead halide perovskites (X = Cl, Br, I, Am⁺ = CH₃NH₃⁺, CH(NH₂)₂⁺) shows that these compounds have significantly weaker hydrogen-bonding energies of 0.09 to 0.27 eV/cation (2-6 kcalmol^-1), correlating with lower order-disorder transition temperatures.