Impacts of Early Childhood Education on Medium- and Long-Term Educational Outcomes

Abstract

Despite calls to expand early childhood education (ECE) in the United States, questions remain regarding its medium- and long-term impacts on educational outcomes. We use meta-analysis of 22 high-quality experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted between 1960 and 2016 to find that on average, participation in ECE leads to statistically significant reductions in special education placement (<i>d</i> = 0.33 <i>SD</i>, 8.1 percentage points) and grade retention (<i>d</i> = 0.26 <i>SD</i>, 8.3 percentage points) and increases in high school graduation rates (<i>d</i> = 0.24 <i>SD</i>, 11.4 percentage points). These results support ECE's utility for reducing education-related expenditures and promoting child well-being.