The politics of social status: economic and cultural roots of the populist right

TLDR

The study argues that understanding how economic and cultural developments interact is essential to explain populist right support. The paper investigates how status anxiety, driven by economic and cultural changes, fuels support for the populist right among working‑class men in developed democracies. The authors use cross‑national survey data from 20 developed democracies to test a model linking economic and cultural developments to status anxiety and populist support. The study finds that lower subjective status among men without college degrees correlates with right‑populist support, that economic and cultural shifts since 1987 have lowered their status, and that status anxiety is a pathway to populism.

Abstract

Abstract This paper explores the factors that have recently increased support for candidates and causes of the populist right across the developed democracies, especially among a core group of working‐class men. In the context of debates about whether the key causal factors are economic or cultural, we contend that an effective analysis must rest on understanding how economic and cultural developments interact to generate support for populism. We suggest that one way to do so is to see status anxiety as a proximate factor inducing support for populism, and economic and cultural developments as factors that combine to precipitate such anxiety. Using cross‐national survey data from 20 developed democracies, we assess the viability of this approach. We show that lower levels of subjective social status are associated with support for right populist parties, identify a set of economic and cultural developments likely to have depressed the social status of men without a college education, and show that the relative social status of those men has declined since 1987 in many of the developed democracies. We conclude that status effects provide one pathway through which economic and cultural developments may combine to increase support for the populist right.