Charge and Discharge Processes and Sodium Storage in Disodium Pyridine‐2,5‐Dicarboxylate Anode—Insights from Experiments and Theory

Abstract

Abstract A combined experimental and computational study of disodium pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylate (Na 2 PDC) is presented exploring the possibility of using it as a potential anode for organic sodium‐ion batteries. This electrode material can reversibly insert/release two Na cations per formula unit, resulting in high reversible capacity of 270 mA h g −1 (236 mA h g −1 after accounting for the contribution from Super P carbon) with excellent cyclability 225 mA h g −1 , with retention of 83% capacity after 100 cycles, and good rate performance with reversible capacity of 138 mA h g −1 at a 5 C rate. The performance of disodium pyridine dicarboxylate is therefore found to be superior to that of the related and well investigated disodium terephthalate. The material shows two voltage plateaus at about 0.6 V up to Na 2+1 PDC and then 0.4 V up to full sodiation, Na 2+2 PDC. The first plateau is attributed to the coordination of inserted Na to nitrogen atoms with bond formation, i.e., a different mechanism from the terephthalate analog. The subsequent plateau is due to coordination to the carboxylic groups.