Metal-Free Greener Syntheses of Pyrimidine Derivatives Using a Highly Efficient and Reusable Graphite Oxide Carbocatalyst under Solvent-Free Reaction Conditions

Abstract

Graphite oxide, a green metal-free carbocatalyst, has been successfully exploited for the library synthesis of biologically active pyrimidine derivatives. Reaction was carried out under solvent-free reaction conditions (SFRC) thereby reducing the application of hazardous chemicals and solvents. The present catalytic system eliminates the risk of metal contamination in the product which is viable for pharmaceutical industries and showed better catalytic activity under sustainable conditions compared to other classical catalytic systems. The catalyst, being heterogeneous in nature, can be easily recycled and reused up to nine consecutive runs without much decrease in catalytic activities thereby increasing sustainability of the procedure. Diversity in the formation of pyrimidine moieties has been exhibited with the tolerance of a large number of functional groups establishing the generality of this reaction. A few other cutting edge advantages of the present one-pot multicomponent methodology are high atom economy, low catalyst loading, milder reaction conditions, higher yield of the desired product, simple work up procedure, easy handling of the catalyst, etc. The present methodology showed good results in gram scale conditions thereby indicating its applicability in academic as well as industrial settings in the near future.