Fluorinated Eu^II-based multimodal contrast agent for temperature- and redox-responsive magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using redox-active, Eu^II-containing complexes is one of the most promising techniques for noninvasively imaging hypoxia <i>in vivo</i>. In this technique, positive (<i>T</i>₁-weighted) contrast enhancement persists in areas of relatively low oxidizing ability, such as hypoxic tissue. Herein, we describe a fluorinated, Eu^II-containing complex in which the redox-active metal is caged by intramolecular interactions. The position of the fluorine atoms enables temperature-responsive contrast enhancement in the reduced form of the contrast agent and detection of the oxidized contrast agent <i>via</i> MRI <i>in vivo</i>. Positive contrast is observed in ¹H-MRI with Eu in the +2 oxidation state, and chemical exchange saturation transfer and ¹⁹F-MRI signal are observed with Eu in the +3 oxidation state. Contrast enhancement is controlled by the redox state of Eu, and modulated by the fluorous interactions that cage a bound water molecule reduce relaxivity in a temperature-dependent fashion. Together, these advancements constitute the first report of <i>in vivo</i>, redox-responsive imaging using ¹⁹F-MRI.