Design, Synthesis, and Screening of Triazolopyrimidine–Pyrazole Hybrids as Potent Apoptotic Inducers

Abstract

An efficient synthesis of novel 3‐(3‐aryl‐1‐phenyl‐1 H ‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐5,7‐dimethyl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]‐pyrimidines was accomplished by the oxidation of pyrimidinylhydrazones by using organoiodine(III) reagent. All new triazolopyrimidine derivatives bearing the pyrazole scaffold were screened to evaluate them as a reproductive toxicant in the testicular germ cells of goat ( Capra hircus ). This study aimed at assessing the cytological and biochemical changes in testicular germ cells after the exposure to triazolopyrimidines in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Histomorphological analysis, fluorescence assays, apoptosis quantification, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP‐mediated nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to determine cytological changes, whereas thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were carried out to measure the oxidative stress in triazolopyrimidines treated germ cells. The parallel use of these methods enabled us to determine the role of triazolopyrimidines in inducing apoptosis as a consequence of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress generated in testicular germ cells of goat.