Synthesis and <i>In Vitro</i> Biological Evaluation of Quinolinyl Pyrimidines Targeting Type II NADH-Dehydrogenase (NDH-2)

Abstract

Type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) is an essential component of electron transfer in many microbial pathogens but has remained largely unexplored as a potential drug target. Previously, quinolinyl pyrimidines were shown to inhibit <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> NDH-2, as well as the growth of the bacteria [Shirude, P. S.; <i>ACS Med. Chem. Lett.</i> 2012, 3, 736-740]. Here, we synthesized a number of novel quinolinyl pyrimidines and investigated their properties. In terms of inhibition of the NDH-2 enzymes from <i>M. tuberculosis</i> and <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i>, the best compounds were of similar potency to previously reported inhibitors of the same class (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values in the low-μM range). However, a number of the compounds had much better activity against Gram-negative pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as low as 2 μg/mL. Multivariate analyses (partial least-squares (PLS) and principle component analysis (PCA)) showed that overall ligand charge was one of the most important factors in determining antibacterial activity, with patterns that varied depending on the particular bacterial species. In some cases (<i>e.g.</i>, mycobacteria), there was a clear correlation between the IC₅₀ values and the observed MICs, while in other instances, no such correlation was evident. When tested against a panel of protozoan parasites, the compounds failed to show activity that was not linked to cytotoxicity. Further, a strong correlation between hydrophobicity (estimated as clog <i>P</i>) and cytotoxicity was revealed; more hydrophobic analogues were more cytotoxic. By contrast, antibacterial MIC values and cytotoxicity were not well correlated, suggesting that the quinolinyl pyrimidines can be optimized further as antimicrobial agents.