ZnO–ZnS Heterojunctions: A Potential Candidate for Optoelectronics Applications and Mineralization of Endocrine Disruptors in Direct Sunlight

Abstract

Simple solution combustion synthesis was adopted to synthesize ZnO-ZnS (ZS<i>x</i>) nanocomposites using zinc nitrate as an oxidant and a mixture of urea and thiourea as a fuel. A large thiourea/urea ratio leads to more ZnS in ZS<i>x</i> with heterojunctions between ZnS and ZnO and throughout the bulk; tunable ZnS crystallite size and textural properties are an added advantage. The amount of ZnS in ZS<i>x</i> can be varied by simply changing the thiourea content. Although ZnO and ZnS are wide band gap semiconductors, ZS<i>x</i> exhibits visible light absorption, at least up to 525 nm. This demonstrates an effective reduction of the optical band gap and substantial changes in its electronic structure. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary-ion mass spectrometry results show features due to ZnO and ZnS and confirm the composite nature with heterojunctions. The above mentioned observations demonstrate the multifunctional nature of ZS<i>x</i>. Bare ZS<i>x</i> exhibits a promising sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity for complete mineralization of endocrine disruptors such as 2,4-dichlorophenol and endosulphan. ZS<i>x</i> also exhibits photocurrent generation at no applied bias. Dye-sensitized solar cell performance evaluation with ZS<i>x</i> shows up to 4% efficiency and 48% incident photon conversion efficiency. Heterojunctions observed between ZnO and ZnS nanocrystallites in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy suggest the reason for effective separation of electron-hole pairs and their utilization.