Heterogeneous electrochemical CO₂ reduction using nonmetallic carbon-based catalysts: current status and future challenges

Abstract

adsorption and activation, leading to interesting catalytic performances in ECR. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of this category of metal-free catalysts for ECR, providing discussions and/or comparisons among different nonmetallic catalysts, and also possible origin of catalytic activity. Fundamentals and some future challenges are also described.