Automatic localization of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks on CBCT images by extracting symmetry features of the skull

Abstract

To propose an algorithm for automatic localization of 3D cephalometric landmarks on CBCT data, those are useful for both cephalometric and upper airway volumetric analysis. 20 landmarks were targeted for automatic detection, of which 12 landmarks exist on the mid-sagittal plane. Automatic detection of mid-sagittal plane from the volume is a challenging task. Mid-sagittal plane is detected by extraction of statistical parameters of the symmetrical features of the skull. The mid-sagittal plane is partitioned into four quadrants based on the boundary definitions extracted from the human anatomy. Template matching algorithm is applied on the mid-sagittal plane to identify the region of interest ROI, further the edge features are extracted, to form contours in the individual regions. The landmarks are automatically localized by using the extracted knowledge of anatomical definitions of the landmarks. The overall mean error for detection of 20 landmarks was 1.88 mm with a standard deviation of 1.10 mm. The cephalometric land marks on CBCT data were detected automatically with in the mean error less than 2 mm.