Lithium-Ion Insertion Properties of Solution-Exfoliated Germanane

Abstract

The high theoretical energy density of alloyed lithium and germanium (Li₁₅Ge₄), 1384 mAh/g, makes germanium a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, common alloy anode architectures suffer from long-term instability upon repetitive charge-discharge cycles that arise from stress-induced degradation upon lithiation (volume expansion >300%). Here, we explore the use of the two-dimensional nanosheet structure of germanane to mitigate stress from high volume expansion and present a facile method for producing stable single-to-multisheet dispersions of pure germanane. Purity and degree of exfoliation were assessed with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. We measured representative germanane battery electrodes to have a reversible Li-ion capacity of 1108 mAh/g when cycled between 0.1 and 2 V vs Li/Li⁺. These results indicate germanane anodes are capable of near-theoretical-maximum energy storage, perform well at high cycling rates, and can maintain capacity over 100 cycles.