Superior Stability of Au/SiO₂ Compared to Au/TiO₂ Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of Butadiene

Abstract

Supported gold nanoparticles are highly selective catalysts for a range of both liquid-phase and gas-phase hydrogenation reactions. However, little is known about their stability during gas-phase catalysis and the influence of the support thereon. We report on the activity, selectivity, and stability of 2-4 nm Au nanoparticulate catalysts, supported on either TiO₂ or SiO₂, for the hydrogenation of 0.3% butadiene in the presence of 30% propene. Direct comparison of the stability of the Au catalysts was possible as they were prepared via the same method but on different supports. At full conversion of butadiene, only 0.1% of the propene was converted for both supported catalysts, demonstrating their high selectivity. The TiO₂-supported catalysts showed a steady loss of activity, which was recovered by heating in air. We demonstrated that the deactivation was not caused by significant metal particle growth or strong metal-support interaction, but rather, it is related to the deposition of carbonaceous species under reaction conditions. In contrast, all the SiO₂-supported catalysts were highly stable, with very limited formation of carbonaceous deposits. It shows that SiO₂-supported catalysts, despite their 2-3 times lower initial activities, clearly outperform TiO₂-supported catalysts within a day of run time.