Measurement and Correlation of Solubility of Theobromine, Theophylline, and Caffeine in Water and Organic Solvents at Various Temperatures

Abstract

The solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in water and five organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography method at T = (288.15 to 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure. It was found that the solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in these solvents increased with increasing temperature. The empirical Apelblat equation and universal quasichemical model were used to correlate the experimental solubility. The results showed that both models can satisfactorily correlate the solubility data. The crystal forms of the solutes in equilibrium with the saturated solution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.