Influence of Solvent Composition on the Crystal Morphology and Structure of <i>p</i>-Aminobenzoic Acid Crystallized from Mixed Ethanol and Nitromethane Solutions

Abstract

The crystallization of α-p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) from mixed solutions in ethanol (EtOH) and nitromethane (NMe) is reported. From solutions with compositions &gt;60 wt % NMe, the known α-polymorph of pABA appears. In contrast, crystals prepared from mixed solvent with &lt;60 wt % NMe reveal the presence of a previously unknown NMe solvate, which crystallizes concomitantly with the α-form. The crystal structure of this new form has been determined and is compared with the previously known structure of the α-polymorph. The crystal structure of the NMe solvate has similar synthonic interactions with respect to α-pABA, in particular, the OH···O H-bonded dimers and the NH···O H-bonds between the pABA molecules. However, the π-π stacking interactions between the phenyl ring groups are found to be much more offset and do not form a continuous chain through the structure, as found in α-pABA. The synthonic interactions in the NMe solvate structure are generally weaker than those found in α-pABA, and the lattice energy is calculated to be significantly lower, suggesting the solvate structure is metastable with respect to α-pABA. The impact of NMe on the morphology of α-pABA crystals, together with molecular modelling results suggest that this solvent is able to disrupt the π-π stacking interactions that dominate growth along the needle (b-axis) direction of α-pABA, and are intimately linked to the ultimate formation of the solvate.