Consumption and occurrence

Abstract

The several studies in Europe and North America exhibited the ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and estrogens in wastewater and in the aquatic environment. Since the major part of PPCPs is only partially eliminated during wastewater treatment, residual amounts are usually present in wastewater effluents and can reach ambient waters or groundwater. Certain pharmaceuticals are persistent and pass through the STP without major elimination, such as the lipid regulator clofibric acid, the antiepileptic carbamazepine or the contrast medium diatrizoate. Additionally, direct inputs into natural waters are also possible through storm water overflow and leakages in the sewer system. (...)