Review on Carbon and Silicon Based Materials as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

Graphite as a traditional anode material in lithium ion batteries cannot fulfil new requirements needing a high energy density. A new generation of high power batteries must be developed using advanced lithium storage materials as electrodes. Disordered and espe-cially nanostructure forms of carbon offer extra sites for both intercalation of lithium and side reactions resulting in a higher reversible and irreversible capacity. Use of these novel forms of carbon depends on the creation of new electrolytes, binders and additives to control side reactions and also development of effective processing technologies. On the other hand, carbon anodes will face strong competition from silicon based materials with their higher capacity. However, the results in the literature highlight important progress in maintaining the capacity of these materials for a small number of cycles, commercial usage of them cannot be imagined without retention of the capacity retention for a much larger number of cycles. This paper reviews the progress toward the production and characterization of new carbon and silicon based materials for using as novel anode materials in lithium ion batteries.