An annealing-free aqueous-processed anatase TiO₂ compact layer for efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells

Abstract

A facile aqueous-based fabrication scheme is developed for producing annealing-free anatase TiO₂ (AF-TiO₂) films that exhibit efficient electron transport properties in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). AF-TiO₂ films are fabricated by spin coating on a substrate a colloidal solution of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) prepared via a low temperature hydrolytic sol-gel method. The resultant AF-TiO₂ films show low electrical resistance, high transmittance in the visible and near-infrared regions and facilitation of high-quality perovskite film formation, which can be attributed to their homogeneous surface morphology and nanocrystallinity. The AF-TiO₂ based PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.29 ± 0.18%, showing significant improvement compared to the control PSCs (PCE = 11.33 ± 0.32%) based on TiO₂ films made by high-temperature annealing of amorphous TiO₂ (HTA-TiO₂).