Colon Immune-Related Adverse Events: Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade Induce Distinct Immunopathological Entities

Abstract

These observations show that αCTLA-4- and αPD-1-induced colitis have distinct immunological characteristics. Mucosal TNFα concentration might detect patients at risk of developing corticosteroid resistance after CTLA-4 blockade.