Swelling of Graphene Oxide Membranes in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Interlayer Spacing and Insight into Water Transport Mechanisms

TLDR

Graphene oxide is a promising 2‑D nanomaterial for high‑performance membranes, yet its aqueous‑phase separation ability is often limited by swelling that enlarges the interlayer spacing. The study aims to experimentally characterize the d‑spacing of a GO membrane in aqueous solution using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and ellipsometry. The authors measured d‑spacing with QCM‑D and ellipsometry and performed molecular simulations with a theoretical model to predict water structure and mobility within the GO channel. The method accurately quantified d‑spacing beyond 2 nm, showing that dry GO maintained 0.76 nm, water formed a semi‑ordered network 30 % denser than bulk, water mobility was lower than in graphene, equilibrium d‑spacing rose to 6–7 nm, and in NaCl/Na₂SO₄ solutions d‑spacing decreased with ionic strength to ~2 nm at 100 mM.

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) has recently emerged as a promising 2D nanomaterial to make high-performance membranes for important applications. However, the aqueous-phase separation capability of a layer-stacked GO membrane can be significantly limited by its natural tendency to swell, that is, absorb water into the GO channel and form an enlarged interlayer spacing (d-spacing). In this study, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in an aqueous environment was experimentally characterized using an integrated quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and ellipsometry. This method can accurately quantify a d-spacing in liquid and well beyond the typical measurement limit of ∼2 nm. Molecular simulations were conducted to fundamentally understand the structure and mobility of water in the GO channel, and a theoretical model was developed to predict the d-spacing. It was found that, as a dry GO membrane was soaked in water, it initially maintained a d-spacing of 0.76 nm, and water molecules in the GO channel formed a semiordered network with a density 30% higher than that of bulk water but 20% lower than that of the rhombus-shaped water network formed in a graphene channel. The corresponding mobility of water in the GO channel was much lower than in the graphene channel, where water exhibited almost the same mobility as in the bulk. As the GO membrane remained in water, its d-spacing increased and reached 6 to 7 nm at equilibrium. In comparison, the d-spacing of a GO membrane in NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions decreased as the ionic strength increased and was ∼2 nm at 100 mM.