Risk Associated With Complications and Mortality After Urgent Surgery vs Elective and Emergency Surgery

TLDR

Outcomes‑driven quality reporting demands accurate risk stratification of surgical patients using standardized metrics. The study aims to quantify how urgent surgery affects complication and mortality rates in general surgery. A retrospective review of the ACS NSQIP database covering 435 hospitals and 173,643 general‑surgery cases from 2013 categorized procedures into elective, emergency, and a novel urgent group defined as nonelective and nonemergency. Urgent general‑surgery cases had significantly higher odds of complications (OR 1.38) and mortality (OR 2.32) versus elective surgery, with 12.3 % morbidity and 2.3 % mortality, underscoring the need for urgency‑based risk stratification.

Abstract

Given the current climate of outcomes-driven quality reporting, it is critical to appropriately risk stratify patients using standardized metrics.To elucidate the risk associated with urgent surgery on complications and mortality after general surgical procedures.This retrospective review used the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database to capture all general surgery cases performed at 435 hospitals nationwide between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2013. Data analysis was performed from November 11, 2015, to February 16, 2017.Any operations coded as both nonelective and nonemergency were designated into a novel category titled urgent.The primary outcome was 30-day mortality; secondary outcomes included 30-day rates of complications, reoperation, and readmission in urgent cases compared with both elective and emergency cases.Of 173 643 patients undergoing general surgery (101 632 females and 72 011 males), 130 235 (75.0%) were categorized as elective, 22 592 (13.0%) as emergency, and 20 816 (12.0%) as nonelective and nonemergency. When controlling for standard American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program preoperative risk factors, with elective surgery as the reference value, the 3 groups had significantly distinct odds ratios (ORs) of experiencing any complication (urgent surgery: OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.30-1.45; P < .001; and emergency surgery: OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.55-1.76; P < .001) and of mortality (urgent surgery: OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 2.00-2.68; P < .001; and emergency surgery: OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 2.48-3.41; P < .001). Surgical procedures performed urgently had a 12.3% rate of morbidity (n = 2560) and a 2.3% rate of mortality (n = 471).This study highlights the need for improved risk stratification on the basis of urgency because operations performed urgently have distinct rates of morbidity and mortality compared with procedures performed either electively or emergently. Because we tie quality outcomes to reimbursement, such a category should improve predictive models and more accurately reflect the quality and value of care provided by surgeons who do not have traditional elective practices.