Trends in dementia prevalence, incidence, and survival rate in a Japanese community

Abstract

<h3>Objective:</h3> To investigate secular trends in the prevalence, incidence, and survival rate of dementia in a Japanese elderly population in a comprehensive manner. <h3>Methods:</h3> Five cross-sectional surveys of dementia were conducted among residents of a Japanese community, aged ≥65 years, in 1985, 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2012. We also established 2 cohorts consisting of the residents of this age group without dementia in 1988 (n = 803) and 2002 (n = 1,231), and each was followed for 10 years. <h3>Results:</h3> The age-standardized prevalence of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) increased with time (for all-cause dementia: 6.8% in 1985, 4.6% in 1992, 5.3% in 1998, 8.4% in 2005, and 11.3% in 2012, <i>p</i> for trend &lt;0.01; for AD: 1.5%, 1.4%, 2.4%, 3.9%, and 7.2%, respectively, <i>p</i> for trend &lt;0.01), while no secular change was observed for vascular dementia (VaD) (2.4%, 1.6%, 1.5%, 2.4%, and 2.4%, respectively, <i>p</i> for trend = 0.59). The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of all-cause dementia and AD, but not VaD, increased from the 1988 cohort to the 2002 cohort (for all-cause dementia: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–2.06; for AD: aHR 2.07, 95% CI 1.59–2.70; for VaD: aHR 1.18, 95% CI 0.83–1.69). The 5-year survival rate of all-cause dementia and AD improved from the 1988 cohort to the 2002 cohort (for all-cause dementia: 47.3% to 65.2%; for AD: 50.7% to 75.1%; all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The increased incidence and improved survival rate of AD could have resulted in the steep increase in AD prevalence in the Japanese elderly.