A Comparative Study of Oral Microbiota in Infants with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate or Cleft Soft Palate

Abstract

Few reports have been published on the early microbiota in infants with various types of cleft palate. We assessed the formation of the oral microbiota in infants with complete cleft lip and palate (CLP <i>n</i> = 30) or cleft soft palate (CSP <i>n</i> = 25) in the neonatal period (T1 time) and again in the gum pad stage (T2 time). Culture swabs from the tongue, palate, and/or cleft margin at T1 and T2 were taken. We analysed the prevalence of the given bacterial species (the percentage) and the proportions in which the palate and tongue were colonised by each microorganism. At T1, <i>Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis)</i> were the most frequently detected in subjects with CLP or CSP (63% and 60%, resp.). A significantly higher frequency of methicillin-sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i> MSSA) was observed in CLP compared to the CSP group. At T2, significantly higher percentages of <i>S. mitis</i>, <i>S. aureus</i> MSSA, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were noted in CLP infants compared to the CSP. <i>S. mitis</i> and <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> appeared with the greatest frequency on the tongue, whereas <i>Streptococcus salivarius</i> was predominant on the palate. The development of the microbiota in CLP subjects was characterised by a significant increase in the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria.