Valproic Acid Protects Primary Dopamine Neurons from MPP⁺-Induced Neurotoxicity: Involvement of GSK3<i>β</i>Phosphorylation by Akt and ERK through the Mitochondrial Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Abstract

Valproic acid (VPA), a drug widely used to treat manic disorder and epilepsy, has recently shown neuroprotective effects in several neurological diseases, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD). The goal of the present study was to confirm VPA's dose-dependent neuroprotective propensities in the MPP⁺ model of PD in primary dopamine (DA) neurons and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms using specific mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- (PI3K-) Akt signaling inhibitors. VPA reversed MPP⁺-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and counteracted MPP⁺-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt repression and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3<i>β</i> (GSK3<i>β</i>) activation through induction of GSK3<i>β</i> phosphorylation. Moreover, inhibitors of the PI3K and MAPK pathways abolished GSK3<i>β</i> phosphorylation and diminished the VPA-induced neuroprotective effect. These findings indicated that VPA's neuroprotective effect in the MPP⁺-model of PD is associated with GSK3<i>β</i> phosphorylation via Akt and ERK activation in the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Thus, VPA may be a promising therapeutic candidate for clinical treatment of PD.