Stretchable Capacitive Sensors of Torsion, Strain, and Touch Using Double Helix Liquid Metal Fibers

TLDR

Soft, stretchable sensors made from liquid metals can deform widely while maintaining electrical continuity, making them attractive for soft robotics and conformal electronics. By injecting liquid metal into hollow elastomeric capillaries and winding the resulting fibers into a helix, the authors create capacitive sensors whose geometry—and thus capacitance—changes predictably with twisting, stretching, or varying metal lengths for touch detection. These sensors achieve torsion measurement up to 800 rad m⁻¹—two orders of magnitude better than existing devices—while also capacitively sensing strain and touch along the fiber bundle, opening new applications for stretchable sensing.

Abstract

Soft and stretchable sensors have the potential to be incorporated into soft robotics and conformal electronics. Liquid metals represent a promising class of materials for creating these sensors because they can undergo large deformations while retaining electrical continuity. Incorporating liquid metal into hollow elastomeric capillaries results in fibers that can integrate with textiles, comply with complex surfaces, and be mass produced at high speeds. Liquid metal is injected into the core of hollow and extremely stretchable elastomeric fibers and the resulting fibers are intertwined into a helix to fabricate capacitive sensors of torsion, strain, and touch. Twisting or elongating the fibers changes the geometry and, thus, the capacitance between the fibers in a predictable way. These sensors offer a simple mechanism to measure torsion up to 800 rad m −1 —two orders of magnitude higher than current torsion sensors. These intertwined fibers can also sense strain capacitively. In a complementary embodiment, the fibers are injected with different lengths of liquid metal to create sensors capable of distinguishing touch along the length of a small bundle of fibers via self‐capacitance. The three capacitive‐based modes of sensing described here may enable new sensing applications that employ the unique attributes of stretchable fibers.