Sex hormones affect outcome in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: from a stem cell derived cardiomyocyte-based model to clinical biomarkers of disease outcome

Abstract

Elevated serum testosterone levels in males and decreased estradiol levels in females are independently associated with MACE in ARVC/D, and directly influence disease pathology. Therefore, determining the levels of sex hormones may be useful for risk stratification and may open a new window for preventive interventions.