Rutile TiO₂ Inverse Opal Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries with Long Cycle Life, High‐Rate Capability, and High Structural Stability

Abstract

Rutile TiO 2 inverse opals provide long cycle life and impressive structural stability when tested as anode materials for Li‐ion batteries. The capacity retention of TiO 2 inverse opals (IOs) is greater than previously reported values for other rutile TiO 2 nanomaterials, and the cycled crystalline phase and material interconnectivity is maintained over thousands of cycles. Consequently, this paper offers insight into the importance of optimizing the relationship between the structure and morphology on improving electrochemical performance of this abundant and low environmental impact material. TiO 2 IOs show gradual capacity fading over 1000 and 5000 cycles, when cycled at specific currents of 75 and 450 mA g −1 , respectively, while maintaining a high capacity and a stable overall cell voltage. TiO 2 IOs achieve a reversible capacity of ≈170 and 140 mA h g −1 after the 100th and 1000th cycles, respectively, at a specific current of 75 mA g −1 , corresponding to a capacity retention of ≈82.4%. The structural stability of the 3D IO phase from pristine rutile TiO 2 to the conductive orthorhombic Li 0.5 TiO 2 is remarkable and maintains its structural integrity. Image analysis conclusively shows that volumetric swelling is accommodated into the predefined pore space, and the IO periodicity remains constant and does not degrade over 5000 cycles.