Stabilizing the Nanostructure of SnO₂ Anodes by Transition Metals: A Route to Achieve High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Stable Capacities for Lithium Storage

Abstract

To dramatically stabilize the nanostructure of Sn and achieve ultrahigh reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO2, a series of SnO2–transition metal–graphite ternary nanocomposites are produced by ball milling, demonstrating high initial Coulombic efficiencies up to 88.6%, high reversible capacity (>700 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), and ultralong cycling life (90.3% of capacity retention after 1300 cycles). As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.