Stabilizing the Nanostructure of SnO₂ Anodes by Transition Metals: A Route to Achieve High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Stable Capacities for Lithium Storage

Abstract

To dramatically stabilize the nanostructure of Sn and achieve ultrahigh reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO₂ , a series of SnO₂ -transition metal-graphite ternary nanocomposites are produced by ball milling, demonstrating high initial Coulombic efficiencies up to 88.6%, high reversible capacity (>700 mAh g^-1 at 2 A g^-1 ), and ultralong cycling life (90.3% of capacity retention after 1300 cycles).