Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · 2017 · 35 citations · 24 references
EducationGeriatric MedicinePhysiologyAgingExercise PhysiologyPhysical ActivityAerobic ExerciseDiabetes MellitusInsulin ResistanceMetabolic Adaptation To ExerciseMetabolic Responses To ExercisePhysical FitnessArterial StiffnessBlood Glucose RegulationDiabetes-associated Vascular ChangesFlow-mediated DilationGlucose ConcentrationInsulin Sensitivity After ExerciseSupervised Exercise TrainingWarm-water Therapy
Microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease. Twenty-nine older patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned into the land-based (LB; n = 14) or water-based (WB; n = 15) groups. Both groups completed supervised aerobic cycling exercises three times per week for 12 weeks. The WB group performed cycling exercise training in warm water (36 °C) immersed to the hip level. After 12 weeks, blood glucose concentration and insulin resistance did not change but hemoglobin A1c levels decreased (P < .05) in both groups. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations increased (P < .05) in both groups. Flow-mediated dilation in the popliteal artery increased and arterial stiffness decreased (P < .05) in both exercise groups. Indices of microvascular reactivity improved (P < .05) only in the WB group. The benefits of warm water-based training were similar in general, and superior in some measures, to the more established land-based cycling exercise.
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Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes.
A. Enrique Caballero, Subodh Arora, Rola Saouaf et al. · Diabetes · 1999 · 648 citations