Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters

TLDR

3D printing offers a flexible, resource‑efficient, and cost‑effective alternative to conventional textile functionalization methods such as screen and inkjet printing. The study aims to develop an integrated FDM‑based production process for smart textiles that reduces water, energy, and chemical use while minimizing waste. Adhesion of polymer and nanocomposite layers printed directly onto synthetic fabrics by fused deposition modeling was examined by varying printing parameters, fabric and filler types, using a rectangular peeling‑standard specimen designed in CAD, and measuring adhesion forces with a novel sample‑preparation method combined with the peeling test. Extruder temperature, platform temperature, and printing speed significantly influence adhesion force, a model for nylon on PA66 was proposed, and PLA and its composites exhibited high adhesion to PLA fabrics.

Abstract

In this paper, 3D printing as a novel printing process was considered for deposition of polymers on synthetic fabrics to introduce more flexible, resource-efficient and cost effective textile functionalization processes than conventional printing process like screen and inkjet printing. The aim is to develop an integrated or tailored production process for smart and functional textiles which avoid unnecessary use of water, energy, chemicals and minimize the waste to improve ecological footprint and productivity. Adhesion of polymer and nanocomposite layers which were 3D printed directly onto the textile fabrics using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique was investigated. Different variables which may affect the adhesion properties including 3D printing process parameters, fabric type and filler type incorporated in polymer were considered. A rectangular shape according to the peeling standard was designed as 3D computer-aided design (CAD) to find out the effect of the different variables. The polymers were printed in different series of experimental design: nylon on polyamide 66 (PA66) fabrics, polylactic acid (PLA) on PA66 fabric, PLA on PLA fabric, and finally nanosize carbon black/PLA (CB/PLA) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes/PLA (CNT/PLA) nanocomposites on PLA fabrics. The adhesion forces were quantified using the innovative sample preparing method combining with the peeling standard method. Results showed that different variables of 3D printing process like extruder temperature, platform temperature and printing speed can have significant effect on adhesion force of polymers to fabrics while direct 3D printing. A model was proposed specifically for deposition of a commercial 3D printer Nylon filament on PA66 fabrics. In the following, among the printed polymers, PLA and its composites had high adhesion force to PLA fabrics.