Review—Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes

TLDR

Lithium ion batteries are ubiquitous, and nickel‑rich LiNixCoyMnzO₂ cathodes offer high capacities (~195 mAh g⁻¹) but suffer from Li/Ni mixing, surface reactivity, and micro‑cracking that limit performance. This review aims to summarize recent literature on these degradation phenomena and highlight applicable solutions. The authors compile and analyze studies on Li/Ni mixing, surface reactions, and micro‑crack formation to identify mitigation strategies.

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries have become an integral part of our daily lives. Among a number of different cathode materials nickel-rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 is particularly interesting. The material can deliver high capacities of ∼195 mAh g−1 putting it on the map for electric vehicles. With an increasing nickel content, a number of issues arise in the material limiting its performance. The Li/Ni mixing, highly reactive surface and formation of micro cracks are the most pressing ones. An overview of recent literature exploring these phenomena is herein summarized and were applicable solutions will be highlighted.