Graphene Oxide‐Modified Electrode Coated with <i>in‐situ</i> Antimony Film for the Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals by Sequential Injection‐Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

Abstract

Abstract The proposed chemically modified electrode was graphene oxide that was synthesized via Hummer's method followed by reduction of antimony film by in‐situ electrodeposition. The experimental process could be concluded in three main steps: preparation of antimony film, reduction of analyte ions on the electrode surface and stripping step under the conditions of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). A simple and rapid approach was developed for the determination of heavy metals simultaneously based on a sequential injection (SI), an automated flow‐based system, coupled with voltammetric method using antimony‐graphene oxide modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (SbF‐GO‐SPCE). The effects of main parameters involved with graphene oxide, antimony and measurement parameters were also investigated. Using SI‐SWASV under the optimal conditions, the proposed electrode platform has exhibited linear range from 0.1 to 1.5 M. Calculated limits of detection were 0.054, 0.026, 0.060, and 0.066 μM for Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II), respectively. In addition, the optimized method has been successfully applied to determine heavy metals in real water samples with acceptable accuracy of 94.29 – 113.42 % recovery.