Synthesis, Binding Properties, and Differences in Cell Uptake of G‐Quadruplex Ligands Based on Carbohydrate Naphthalene Diimide Conjugates

Abstract

The G-quadruplexes (G4s) are currently being explored as therapeutic targets in cancer and other pathologies. Six carbohydrate naphthalene diimide conjugates (carb-NDIs) have been synthesized as G4 ligands to investigate their potential selectivity in G4 binding and cell penetration. Carb-NDIs have shown certain selectivity for G4 structures against DNA duplexes, but different sugar moieties do not induce a preference for a specific G4 topology. Interestingly, when monosaccharides were attached through a short ethylene linker to the NDI scaffold, their cellular uptake was two- to threefold more efficient than that when the sugar was directly attached through its anomeric position. Moreover, a correlation between more efficient cell uptake of these carb-NDIs and their higher toxicity in cancerous cell lines has been observed. Carb-NDIs seem to be mainly translocated into cancer cells through glucose transporters (GLUT), of which GLUT4 plays a major role.