Inducing swift nucleation morphology control for efficient planar perovskite solar cells by hot-air quenching

Abstract

We introduce a pin-hole free CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x perovskite layer by using heated airflow during the nucleation stage. We control the nucleation stage which gives a pin-hole free planar perovskite with large grains, resulting in a maximum power point (MPP) efficiency of 14.3% and a high efficiency of 19.0% with reproducibility.