2013 · 22 citations · 11 references
EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringElectrical EngineeringDiagnostic ImagingElectronic MaterialsSensorsDetector TechnologyMagnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging PhysicsMedical Imaging InstrumentationRadiation Detector ArraysRadiation Imaging DetectorsBreakdown VoltageDark CurrentDetector ArraysMultiplexingSilicon Photomultiplier ArraysSilicon PhotomultipliersTemperature DependenceTiming Performance Metrics
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have high gain, excellent timing performance, and are well suited to PET/MRI applications due, in part, to their MR-compatibility and small form factor. Within the constraints of a resistor-based multiplexing circuit, it is useful to evaluate the four generations of SiPM arrays manufactured by SensL: the SPMArray4, ArraySL-4, ArraySM-4, and ArraySB-4. Breakdown voltage and dark current were measured as a function of temperature in two each of the four generations of SensL SiPM arrays. Flood histograms were created with a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">68</sup> Ge-irradiated 9×9 LYSO crystal array at temperatures of 5 °C to 45 °C in 5 °C increments and overvoltages of 2 to 4 V in 0.5 V increments. Measurements of dark current vs. bias voltage increased as temperature increased, with a corresponding increase in the breakdown voltage, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> . The temperature dependence of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> is similar between all four generations of SiPM arrays with slopes ranging from 17.0 to 23.8 mV/°C. Notably, the ArraySB-4 has lower values for the breakdown voltage, with V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> = 24 V at 0 °C. Mean energy resolution for individual LYSO crystals showed improvements in each successive generation. The average energy resolution of the ArraySB-4 was 11.9% after correcting for non-linearity in the SiPM pixels. The linearity of the SensL SiPM arrays as a function of temperature and breakdown voltage makes them a suitable choice for a high-resolution, small animal PET/MRI system. Based on its improved resolvability and energy resolution, lower sensitivity to temperature and higher PDE, the ArraySB-4 will be used in our PET system.
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Characterization and simulation of the response of Multi-Pixel Photon Counters to low light levels
A. Vacheret, G. J. Barker, M. Dziewiecki et al. · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment · 2011 · 95 citations · Full text
Christopher J. Thompson, Andrew L. Goertzen, Eric Berg et al. · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · 2012 · 35 citations