Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture, Network Model, Challenges, and Future Aspects

TLDR

Internet of Things is transforming research areas such as smart health, home, industry, and transport, leading to the emergence of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) as an evolution of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and a heterogeneous vehicular network paradigm. This paper proposes a comprehensive IoV framework that includes a five‑layer architecture, a protocol stack with management, operational, and security planes, and a network model based on cloud, connection, and client components, while outlining challenges and future directions. The framework details five types of vehicular communications—vehicle‑to‑vehicle, vehicle‑to‑roadside, vehicle‑.

Abstract

Internet of Things is smartly changing various existing research areas into new themes, including smart health, smart home, smart industry, and smart transport. Relying on the basis of "smart transport," Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is evolving as a new theme of research and development from vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). This paper presents a comprehensive framework of IoV with emphasis on layered architecture, protocol stack, network model, challenges, and future aspects. Specifically, following the background on the evolution of VANETs and motivation on IoV an overview of IoV is presented as the heterogeneous vehicular networks. The IoV includes five types of vehicular communications, namely, vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-roadside, vehicle-to-infrastructure of cellular networks, vehicle-to-personal devices, and vehicle-to-sensors. A five layered architecture of IoV is proposed considering functionalities and representations of each layer. A protocol stack for the layered architecture is structured considering management, operational, and security planes. A network model of IoV is proposed based on the three network elements, including cloud, connection, and client. The benefits of the design and development of IoV are highlighted by performing a qualitative comparison between IoV and VANETs. Finally, the challenges ahead for realizing IoV are discussed and future aspects of IoV are envisioned.