Beam-energy dependence of charge balance functions from Au + Au collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Abstract

Balance functions have been measured in terms of relative pseudorapidity ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\eta}$) for charged particle pairs at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider from Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=7.7\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$ to 200 GeV using the STAR detector. These results are compared with balance functions measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider from Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$ by the ALICE Collaboration. The width of the balance function decreases as the collisions become more central and as the beam energy is increased. In contrast, the widths of the balance functions calculated using shuffled events show little dependence on centrality or beam energy and are larger than the observed widths. Balance function widths calculated using events generated by UrQMD are wider than the measured widths in central collisions and show little centrality dependence. The measured widths of the balance functions in central collisions are consistent with the delayed hadronization of a deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP). The narrowing of the balance function in central collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=7.7$ GeV implies that a QGP is still being created at this relatively low energy.