Pathways for Skin Penetration

Abstract

This paper reviews recent fi ndings about three skin penetration pathways (including a polar pathway) and four types of penetration enhancers (enzymes, vesicular systems, ceramides and chemical enhancers). This article will review possible ways for compounds to penetrate the skin and interact with it. Four families of enhancers will be discussed, along with their possible mechanisms of action and limitations. This is written in an attempt to trigger creative thinking about possible research work for better understanding the skin and the design of formulations to treat and protect it.