IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · 1999 · 75 citations · 9 references
ComputingComputer ScienceComputer SystemsComputer ArchitectureNatural Language ProcessingWeb TechnologiesData CompressionDigital Signal ProcessingSource CodingSpeech RecognitionWeb Performance OptimizationCepstral AnalysisCepstral CoefficientsClient-server CommunicationClient-server LayeringSpeech CodingSpeech Pattern RecognitionSpeech Signal AnalysisSpeech Signal Processing
We examine alternative architectures for a client-server model of speech-enabled applications over the World Wide Web (WWW). We compare a server-only processing model where the client encodes and transmits the speech signal to the server, to a model where the recognition front end runs locally at the client and encodes and transmits the cepstral coefficients to the recognition server over the Internet. We follow a novel encoding paradigm, trying to maximize recognition performance instead of perceptual reproduction, and we find that by transmitting the cepstral coefficients we can achieve significantly higher recognition performance at a fraction of the bit rate required when encoding the speech signal directly. We find that the required bit rate to achieve the recognition performance of high-quality unquantized speech is just 2000 bits per second.
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Vector quantization in speech coding
J. Makhoul, S. Roucos, H. Gish · Proceedings of the IEEE · 1985 · 845 citations
Evaluation of spoken language systems
P. Price · 1990 · 400 citations