Nanocarbon‐based Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals

Abstract

Abstract Heavy metal species are toxic, non‐decomposable molecules which exist in our ecological systems and food chains, eventually exposing us to serious health hazards and economic damage. In this context, various attempts have been made for sensitive detection of heavy metal ions through electrochemical sensor. Carbon nanomaterials endowed with unique physiochemical properties were found to be most suitable for electrochemical detection of heavy metal due to their ease to modify, high sensitivity, good selectivity and high reproducibility. Here, we present a critical review about detection of heavy metals using nanocarbon with focus on graphene and carbon nanotubes in various sources of water, soil, and foods for fast and sensitive detection of heavy metal ions. We have evaluated the current trends and discussed the major challenges associated with electrode modification and electrochemical analysis with the aim to achieve the best sensing performance.