Optimized Outcomes Using a Standardized Approach for the Treatment of Patients with Carcinoid Heart Disease

Abstract

Excellent results were achieved in patients with CHD. PV stenosis can be underestimated by echocardiography; therefore, intraoperative inspection is recommended. Right ventricular geometry should be respected to prevent RHF. BP should be used, as these patients are likely to undergo future non-cardiac surgeries.