Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses

TLDR

The study aimed to identify symptoms of complicated grief, differentiate them from bereavement‑related depression, and assess whether complicated grief predicts long‑term functional impairments in recently widowed elderly individuals. Researchers collected baseline data 3–6 months after death and followed 56 participants at 18 months, using items from established emotional‑functioning scales and principal‑components analysis to derive a complicated‑grief factor and a bereavement‑depression factor, and measured global functioning, medical burden, sleep, mood, self‑esteem, and anxiety. Seven symptoms—searching, yearning, preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased, crying, disbelief, stunned reaction, and lack of acceptance—constitute a distinct complicated‑grief factor that predicts poorer global functioning, mood, sleep, and self‑esteem, indicating a unique disorder that warrants specialized treatment.

Abstract

This study sought to determine whether a set of symptoms interpreted as complicated grief could be identified and distinguished from bereavement-related depression and whether the presence of complicated grief would predict enduring functional impairments.Data were derived from a study group of 82 recently widowed elderly individuals recruited for an investigation of physiological changes in bereaved persons. Baseline data were collected 3-6 months after the deaths of the subjects' spouses, and follow-up data were collected from 56 of the subjects 18 months after the baseline assessments. Candidate items for assessing complicated grief came from a variety of scales used to evaluate emotional functioning (e.g., the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory). The outcome variables measured were global functioning, medical illness burden, sleep, mood, self-esteem, and anxiety.A principal-components analysis conducted on intake data (N = 82) revealed a complicated grief factor and a bereavement-depression factor. Seven symptoms constituted complicated grief: searching, yearning, preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased, crying, disbelief regarding the death, feeling stunned by the death, and lack of acceptance of the death. Baseline complicated grief scores were significantly associated with impairments in global functioning, mood, sleep, and self-esteem in the 56 subjects available for follow-up.The symptoms of complicated grief may be distinct from depressive symptoms and appear to be associated with enduring functional impairments. The symptoms of complicated grief, therefore, appear to define a unique disorder deserving of specialized treatment.