Transport Mechanisms of Squalenoyl-Adenosine Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier

Abstract

Drug delivery to the brain is one of the major challenges in the treatment of cerebral diseases and implies extensive understanding of nanomedicine transcytosis pathways across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we investigated the interaction of squalenoyl-adenosine nanoassemblies (SQAd NAs) with human brain endothelial cells, concerning their endocytotic pathway using chemical inhibitors and nanostructure integrity using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Practically, SQAd NAs were labeled with two different organic dyes as a donor–acceptor FRET pair to form FRET SQAd NAs with diameters of ca. 120 nm. Using the human cerebral endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, as a well-recognized BBB model, we demonstrated that the NAs were internalized mainly by LDL receptors-mediated endocytosis, then progressively disassembled inside the cells, and finally exocytosed as single molecules. These observations allow explaining the previously described pharmacological efficiency of the SQAd NAs in both a cerebral ischemia model and a spinal cord injury model, confirming that the endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit may represent a very promising therapeutic target for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.