Graphene Oxide as a High-Performance Fluid-Loss-Control Additive in Water-Based Drilling Fluids

TLDR

Graphene oxide can serve as an effective filtration additive in water‑based drilling fluids at concentrations as low as 0.2 % (w/w) by carbon content. Standard API filtration tests were performed on pH‑adjusted aqueous dispersions of GO and xanthan gum. A 3:1 mixture of large‑flake and powdered GO yielded the lowest fluid loss (6.1 mL/30 min) and thinnest filter cake (~20 µm), outperforming a conventional clay‑polymer suspension (7.2 mL, ~280 µm) and demonstrating superior shear‑thinning, temperature stability, and sheet pliability observed by SEM.

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) performs well as a filtration additive in water-based drilling fluids at concentrations as low as 0.2 % (w/w) by carbon content. Standard American Petroleum Institute (API) filtration tests were conducted on pH-adjusted, aqueous dispersions of GO and xanthan gum. It was found that a combination of large-flake GO and powdered GO in a 3:1 ratio performed best in the API tests, allowing an average fluid loss of 6.1 mL over 30 min and leaving a filter cake ~20 μm thick. In comparison, a standard suspension (~12 g/L) of clays and polymers used in the oil industry gave an average fluid loss of 7.2 mL and a filter cake ~280 μm thick. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the extreme pliability of well-exfoliated GO, as the pressure due to filtration crumpled single GO sheets, forcing them to slide through pores with diameters much smaller than the flake's flattened size. GO solutions also exhibited greater shear thinning and higher temperature stability compared to clay-based fluid-loss additives, demonstrating potential for high-temperature well applications.