A sulphonated carbon dot–chitosan hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite as an efficient ion-exchange film for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ removal

Abstract

We have developed a hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite film via conjugation of oxidised carbon dots synthesized from 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid with chitosan. The potential applicability of the film was then successfully tested for the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from solution.