Tailoring Interfaces for Electrochemical Synthesis of Semiconductor Films: BiVO₄, Bi₂O₃, or Composites

Abstract

The mechanistic aspects of a two-step method for the electrodeposition of a BiVO4 semiconductor (previously developed in the Rajeshwar/Tacconi laboratory) were elaborated by the combined application of voltammetry and EQCM. The electrosynthesized films were also characterized ex situ using SEM, EDX, XRD, and XPS. Stripping of pre-electrodeposited bismuth films, followed by reaction either with VO43− (formed by hydrolysis from the initially added VO3− species) or with hydroxide ions, produced BiVO4 or Bi2O3 thin films in situ on the Pt electrode. The deposition potential, pH of the electrolyte, and choice of vanadium precursor were shown to be crucial variables in the composition of the electrodeposited film. When a more positive potential than 0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl reference) was applied to the Bi-modified electrode in VO3−-containing electrolyte, the content of Bi2O3 in the film increased instead of BiVO4. Stripping efficiency of the predeposited bismuth layer was increased at acidic electrolytes and resulted in higher BiVO4 content in electrodeposited films, whereas hydrolytic conversion of VO3− to VO43− was promoted in basic electrolytes. Formation of Bi2O3 was also favored by the use of alkaline electrolytes (e.g., pH 10) for the electrodeposition. Photoelectrochemical experiments showed the electrosynthesized BiVO4 to be an n-type semiconductor, and reproducible photocurrents were obtained using a Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte.