Effect of Cobalt Doping Concentration on the Crystalline Structure and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Co_<i>x</i>Fe_3–<i>x</i>O₄ Nanoparticles within Nonpolar and Aqueous Solvents

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the effect of cobalt substitution on the size evolution, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Monodisperse CoxFe3–xO4 nanoparticles were prepared, using a one-step method, by direct heating process of iron(III) and cobalt(II) acetylacetonates in high-boiling-point inert organic solvent. The quantities of precursors added were based on stoichiometric Fe/Co ratio of desired ferrite. Elemental analyses ICP-AES evidenced successful cobalt doping. The doped particles showed a cobalt-deficient composition. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the large changes of particle size as a function of cobalt doping. The magnetization measurements showed an unchanged saturation magnetization only up to x = 0.24, beyond which it significantly decreased. To make the as-synthesized nanoparticles suitable for biomedical applications, oleic acid ligands are exchanged with caffeic acid molecules leading to stable nanoparticles in physiological conditions.