The presence of synthetic acaricides in beeswax and its influence on the development of resistance in V <i>arroa destructor</i>

Abstract

After honey production, beeswax ranks second as regards hive product used in industry and cosmetics. In Argentina, the use of commercial wax adulterated with paraffin and other olefins for comb foundation is a common practice. As regards beehives, the progressive accumulation of synthetic acaricides in wax has caused adverse effects on bees, mainly on individuals at different stages of development. Another issue associated with the use of synthetic acaricides is the phenomenon of resistance. This study aimed to determine the presence of adulterants and acaricide residues in commercial wax used in Argentina. Furthermore, the relationship between coumaphos content in wax and the development of mite resistance reported in recent years in Argentina was investigated. The results demonstrate that paraffin is the most common contaminant substance present in recycled beeswax and commercial wax used for comb foundation in the country. Coumaphos was also found to be the most common acaricide present in wax; 87% in commercial and 80% in recycled wax. Fluvalinate was detected in 33% of commercial wax samples and in 27% of recycled wax. A relationship between coumaphos residues and resistance was also established. Future studies should be conducted to establish the mechanisms by which the buildup of acaricides in the beeswax affects the development of resistance in populations of varroa.